It is often said that Renaissance brought a new dawn to Europe and England. What do you think is the Renaissance ? Write briefly what happened due to in it England. Do you think the issues that were relevant during the European Renaissance are still relevant today ? Give reasons for your answers
Renaissance :
A. Introduction :
Renaissance was a great cultural movement that begun in Italy. during the early 13000’s. It spread to England France, Germany, Spain and other countries in the late 1400’s and eventually came to an end about 1600. The following names them-selves explain ‘Renaissance’. They are ‘Humanism’, ‘Rebirth’, ‘Revival’, Awakening’, and Enlightenment‘ and ‘Discovery’.
B. What is Renaissance ? And What happened during the period of Renaissance ?
The term Renaissance means ‘Rebirth’. This is use for the human spirit. Which was awakened after long slumber to middle age. The rebirth of the middle age. The rebirth of awakening was wrote about by revival of information in culture and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome.
Now, People attention’s was focus on the study of classical Greek and Roman art and literature. There People who took entries in Renaissance. Were called humanists. Humanism means the religion of humanity or the devotions secular in true. This is in apposition to divinity or dogmatic religion had been the chief consult during the middle age. The new learning to humanism work about a revolutionary change in the life and the outlook of the people.
At the time, Italy can be consider. as the home of the renaissance.
The prominent writer ‘Dante’ in his ‘Divine comedy’ narrates about ‘Heaven’ and ‘Hell’. It is considered as a great piece of Arts. After Dante Petrach contributed to a great extent writing about ‘Love’ and ‘Laughter’ and the poems of ‘Romance’ and ‘Passion’.
The Above mentioned Writers interested in the past realize, beautiful status and verses. Forgotten, manuscripts of great contributor Virgil, Cicero, were being discussed. We can say that ‘Petrach’ and ‘Boccasio” were humanist and their works could be consider as dawn of Renaissance.
Apart from these intellectual revolution one event resulted into a new scholarship. The ducks who established themselves in ‘Asiasyria’ and ‘Egypt’ expend themselves Greece and they attack Constantinople. The capital of Roman Empire lone before there the Greek calls fled along with their Precious manuscript and librarian. They welcome in Italy. The Italians Who had only heard of the. great name likes.
* Homer
* Plato
* Aristotle
But now, they are exposed to new artist and writers from Greek. The Wealth of ancient Greek and Rome Flourished in Italy, students from all over the world attracted to wards Italy because at the great scholars. At last, Florence became the centre of renaissance. The Renaissance was the full tide in fly and the end of ‘Dark middle age’. The 15th Century became an Era of classical Latina. The renaissance can be treated as the most glories period of Italy in ‘Art’ and ‘Literature’.
In literature the most famous productions were in poetry.
1) Arista’s Orlando. Furioso, a romantic poem And
2) Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered - a romantic epic.
3) Similarly the autobiography of Benvenuto cellini and the Machiavelli’s The Prince - a book of political philosophy.
4) Barnwell’s Tales.
5) Cynthia’s Hundred Tales.
So, far as Italian art is consult, We come across certain well known Artist like.
1) Leo-nardo-da-vinchi- was a painter, an anatomist, a scientist and an inventor.
2) Michelangelo Buonarotti- was a sculptor, an architect, a painter and poet.
3) Raphael - was a painter.
4) Ferdinand Magellan - Rounded the world in 1521.
During the period to renaissance the universities were highlighted; for learners Flocked round the Greek scholars, the humanists, leaving their own teachers the schoolmen, who were still teaching the antiquated scholastic philosophy an abstruse mixture of the Bible and Aristotle’s logic Filtered thrush Arabic scholar. The schoolmen toast in contradiction to the new learning in vein. A last stared was made in Florence, the centre of the, Renaissance, by the monk Savonarola who denounced the license and craze for beauty that had seized the people, because of his frazil. elopwuence, the people were feared and promised to atonement for their sinful love of beauty and pleasure. There were the bonfire means burnt their book, statues and magnificent paintings to the great satisfaction of the antamedor Fanatic, His joy, in spite of was short lived.
For people come to know what they had done in a movement of weakness turned against him he was dragged through the streets and towns and executed and burnt. Nobody could save him not even pope too. For popes themselves had turned humanists filling the V-antaean with the most precious treasures of Greek and Roman Art civilization.
One more major important event that happened in the middle of the 15th century was that.
C. Johann Gutenberg :-
Invented printing machine this led to multification of books. The books were easily available and they were cheap. Due to this wonderful invention, the number of readers increase who were searching for knowledge. As a result, one weakness, broad mind ness, Freedom, Grad dice individualism and Free thinking elaborated.
Other discovery done by the Columbus who discovered America in 1492. And the western sea route to India discovery by ‘vasco-da-game’.
The widest people mental and geographical horizons and their imagination became rich other discoveries followed which expose a world of new and unheard of riches. The vision of new world and enrichment in the eye of the people who were longing for their search and discovers and doing some superb work, such type of stimulation was there in that time. The vision of great world with plenty riches to be acquired by the ambitious and aspirations filled the people’s spirit with unique zeal and adventure.
Adventurers like ‘John Hawking’ and ‘Francis Drake’ who were traders as well as pirates on the high seas brought immense treasure to England in the reign of Elizabeth.
Due to sea voyages new relation and trading stand established between the countries which have the sea way for transplantation and thus, There were and at that present time also the relation and trade zone developed.
The spirit of inquire and free pondering fostered by the new learning and new discoveries led to scientific theories in various field such as under shown,
1) Astronomical The orgies of Copernicus (1473-1543)
2) Galileo (1564-1642)
3) Keller. (1571-1630)
Had the effect of changing whole medieval conception of the world and of man’s dominance in it.
Characteristic of Renaissance and It’s influence on English literature. And event took placed in England and Europe.
1) Expansion of metal as well as geographical horizon.
2) The knowledge of Greek and Latin was brought to England as a result English and art became refined.
3) Humanism :-
Due to humanism Nature and Men became more important. The English literature focus more on the individual.
4) Love For Italy :-
The sculptors and painters of Italy influent English literature, because of Italy’s love for beauty.
One proverb “An English men Italia Ute is a devil incarnate. All that will find it English words have their values in Greece ovulating. The Idea of Italian Philosophy based on Greece philosophy influence English literature and literary criticism.
D. Political and Religious movement :-
There were major political change and struggle happened in England or British ruled over France and So, for Freeness’, there were war between England rulers and France. Fronct under the magic leaden shift of John at Arc. Cad’s Rebellion (1450) and bloody wars of the Roses (1455-1485) are names to show how the energy of England was violently destroying itself, like the great engine that has lost its balance wheel. The Frightful reign of Richard III Followed, which had, however, this redeeming quality that it marked the end of civil wars and self-destruction of Feudalism and made possible a new growth of English national sentiment under the popular Tudors,
In long reign of Henry III the charges are less violent but have more purpose and significance while England during this period was in constant political strife, Yet developing slowly. Printing was brought to England by Claxton. Schools and universities were established in the place of monasteries.
Greek ideas and Greek culture came to England in the Renaissance. According to Lamar tine, that “man discovered himself and the universe”.
First came sciences and inventions of the Arabs, Making their way slowly against the Prejudice of the authorities, and opening men’s eyes to unexplored realms of nature. Then there came the flood of Greek literature which rapidity came in the school in Europe, revealing a new world of poetry and Philosophy in about the year 1476 set up the first wooden printing press in England.
The most notable result of Renaissance we can see in the field of Religion. It revolution in the field of religion. which happened because of the Renaissance is known as reformation. As we know during renaissance period there existed questioning spirit (Dough, suspect). The People of the 15th century revolted against the evils of church and clergy. This resulted in to a great challenge for the papal authority. In 14th century John Wickliffe attack on the corruption of the church, In the 16th century Martin Luther proved by the preaches of the church protested against church. this resulted into a notable split within Christianity. A Greek part of Germany became protesting the same movement was observing Switzerland and France. Protests spread through Europe included England.
The Spanish and Portuguese discovery or new world meant that England was no longer at the end of Europe but at its struggling edge, England gain power in the 16th century; her discomfit of the Spanish armada in 1588 showed that God’s help David could beat Goliath During 1603, with the accession of king James I, the Scottish crown came to England. In 1564 the year of Michelangelo’s death and William Shakespeare’s birth, the Italian renaissance was over, but English renaissance had hardly begum. The achievements of Spenser, Christopher Marlowe and contribution of William shake spare opened a world of literary criticism and art and culture During this Era There were flood of writing such as poetry; Drama, And prose.
The prominent poetry writer were
* Thomas Wyatt
* Henry Howard
* Earl of Surrey.
And the humanist writing as The ‘Governor’ (1531) by Thomas Floyd. And “The school master (1585) of Roger Atcham who became the tutor to queen Elizabeth.”
The establishment of the Tudor state under Henry (VII) and Henry (VIII) and of a national church under Elizabeth. I. necessitated a consciously national literature so, that English might compete with Latin Greek, French, Spanish and Portuguese. The Puritan John Milton went to Italy to complete his Further education.
The most notable event was that English writer had been unlucky under Henry (VIII) who beheaded more and surrey Wyatt, a lover of ann. Boleyn, escaped the axe. but his son rebelled against marry Tudor and lost his head. Mary burnt many protestants as heretics, her father Henry, brother Edward and Sitter Elizabethan executed. Fewer Catholics, including in 1587. Mary Grueen of Scots, as traitors Elizabeth also executed four puritans.
Reasons :-
v The issue were relevant during the European Renaissance are still relevant today before what condition were that we know. Due to renaissance people’s broadmindedness and free thinking individualism are developed.
v Because of ‘Renaissance influence’ what other thing happened that we can see in present time in our day to day life. people’s freethinking and intellectual horizon expand. So, new research and discovery are found.
v Renaissance means revival, rebirth, Enlightment, these are the names which expose the Renaissance and its work.
v People get Englishmen encouragement so, ‘Motivation so, the journey of development elaborate.
v At present time the invention of computer and great Technology opened the new window of advancement in people’slite.
v The people of present time are full of zeal, energy and caliber because of these qualities today in 21th century we can see that how much progress developed.
v Due to broad mindedness along with intellectualism so many progress happened. Today , we can realize that whole world as one family such type of concept and atmosphere are still around the universe.
v In relevant to European Renaissance in present time Various discovery infield of astronomical theories, scientific invention and voyage also became so common and advanced At present time sea voyages also became so advanced three sea voyages one nation can establish its relation and elaborate their trade zone.
v The invention in field of communication, mobile technology Flourished and being fruitful to present Era.
v All type of search and discovery gets proper stand for forwarding so, unheard thing also became easy to achieve.
So, we can see that due to renaissance effect not only in European England but also all over the world at present time also Indeed Renaissance brought a new dawn not only to Europe and England but every where where renaissance and its influent reach.
Bibliography Book
1) Long William J. English Literature
Published by : A.I.T.B.S Publication 2005 & Distributors.
2) Alexander, M.2000 A History of English literature New York : Polarize foundation.
